Located in the northwest region of Africa, Mauritania is a country characterized by vast desert landscapes, a long Atlantic coastline, and a rich blend of Arab and African cultures. One of the most common questions about this lesser-known nation is how many people live in Mauritania? As of the most recent estimates in 2025, Mauritania has a population of approximately 4.9 million people. While this number may seem small compared to many other countries, understanding the population of Mauritania involves exploring its geographic conditions, urbanization trends, demographic structure, and historical context.
Population Size of Mauritania
As of 2025, Mauritania’s population is estimated to be around 4.9 million people. This figure comes from data collected by national statistics and supported by international sources such as the United Nations and World Bank. The population continues to grow steadily, with an average annual growth rate of approximately 2.5% in recent years.
This relatively low population is spread across a very large area. Mauritania covers about 1.03 million square kilometers, making it one of the largest countries in Africa by land area. However, much of the country consists of desert or semi-arid terrain, resulting in a low population density of fewer than five people per square kilometer in many areas.
Major Cities and Urban Population
Despite its wide territory, Mauritania’s population is heavily concentrated in a few urban centers. The capital city, Nouakchott, is by far the largest city and serves as the political, economic, and cultural hub of the country.
Main Cities in Mauritania
- Nouakchott– The capital and largest city, with over 1.2 million residents
- Nouadhibou– A coastal city important for fishing and mining
- Kaédi– Located along the Senegal River, known for agriculture
- Kiffa– A regional center in the south-central part of the country
Urbanization has been increasing in Mauritania, particularly in Nouakchott, which has grown rapidly since it became the capital in 1960. Many people have migrated to cities from rural areas in search of better jobs, education, and healthcare services. Today, more than 60% of the population lives in urban areas.
Ethnic Composition and Languages
Mauritania is home to a diverse mix of ethnic groups, each contributing to the country’s cultural identity. The main groups include
- Moors (Bidhan and Haratin)– Arab-Berber descendants who make up the majority
- Sub-Saharan African ethnic groups– Including the Wolof, Soninké, Pulaar, and Bambara peoples, especially in the south
Arabic is the official language of Mauritania, and it is widely spoken. French, a remnant of colonial rule, is still used in administration and education. Other local languages such as Pulaar, Soninké, and Wolof are also spoken, reflecting the country’s ethnic diversity.
Population Growth Trends
Mauritania has experienced consistent population growth over the last few decades. In 1960, the population was just over 800,000. Since then, it has increased sixfold due to factors such as improved healthcare, higher birth rates, and urban migration.
The fertility rate remains relatively high, with an average of around 4 children per woman. Combined with a young population and lower mortality rates, this has led to a continued rise in population numbers year after year.
Demographic Indicators
- Median ageAround 20 years
- Life expectancyApproximately 64 years
- Population under age 15Nearly 40%
This youthful population poses both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, it offers potential for a strong labor force in the future. On the other, it increases the demand for education, healthcare, and employment.
Population Distribution and Density
Most of Mauritania’s population lives in the southern and coastal regions of the country. The central and northern parts are dominated by the Sahara Desert, where living conditions are harsh and settlements are sparse. These desert areas are home to nomadic or semi-nomadic communities who follow traditional patterns of movement with their livestock.
Some important population centers are located near water sources like the Senegal River in the south, which supports agriculture and trade. Along the Atlantic coast, cities like Nouakchott and Nouadhibou benefit from access to ports and fishing resources.
Migration and Refugee Population
Mauritania has historically experienced migration both internally and across borders. Economic migration from rural to urban areas is common, as people seek better living standards in cities. In addition, Mauritania hosts refugees from neighboring countries, especially Mali, due to ongoing regional instability.
On the international level, some Mauritanians migrate abroad for employment or education, particularly to France, Spain, and other European countries. Remittances sent back home from the diaspora contribute to the national economy and support local families.
Population Challenges
While Mauritania’s population growth reflects positive developments in health and stability, it also presents challenges
- Access to educationProviding quality education to a rapidly growing and youthful population remains a national priority
- Healthcare servicesMedical infrastructure is limited, especially in rural areas
- EmploymentJob creation is a pressing issue as more young people enter the labor market
- Urban planningRapid urban growth in cities like Nouakchott puts pressure on housing, transportation, and sanitation
Addressing these challenges requires coordinated efforts from government institutions, international partners, and local communities.
Economic Impact of Population
The structure and distribution of Mauritania’s population influence its economic development. The country’s economy is driven by mining (especially iron ore), agriculture, fishing, and public services. A growing population can expand the domestic market and labor force, but only if investments in human capital are sufficient.
Education, vocational training, and healthcare are key to turning population growth into economic opportunity. Sustainable development policies that address inequality and environmental management are also essential for long-term stability.
Future Projections
Based on current trends, Mauritania’s population is expected to continue growing steadily in the coming decades. Projections by global organizations suggest that the population may reach around 6.5 to 7 million by 2050. However, these numbers depend on various factors, including fertility rates, public health improvements, and migration patterns.
Planning for the future involves strengthening infrastructure, increasing access to education, and ensuring economic diversification so the country can meet the needs of its growing population.
To answer the question directly as of 2025, about 4.9 million people live in Mauritania. While this number may seem modest, it reflects a nation of cultural depth, geographic contrast, and growing potential. With a young and dynamic population, Mauritania faces both challenges and opportunities on its path toward sustainable development. Understanding the country’s population structure, distribution, and trends provides valuable insight into the broader story of this West African nation and its future in an ever-changing world.